African Americans at higher risk of kidney failure, study says - PUNCH

November 11, 2013 by sciencedaily.com 

 

Genetic factors in African Americans with chronic kidney disease  put them at a greater risk for end-stage renal disease compared to white Americans, according to a new study released in the New England Journal of Medicine. Researchers at Johns Hopkins University and the University of Maryland contributed data from two separate studies: the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension and the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study .

Both studies identified high risk genetic variants in the APOL1 gene that speed up kidney disease progression and substantially increase the risk of developing kidney failure, compared to whites and blacks with low risk variants, with or without diabetes. Approximately 1 in 10 blacks possess the high risk variants, though it is very uncommon in whites.

“Even though our studies found that African Americans with two copies of the high-risk APOL1 variants were at higher risk for kidney disease progression, about 40  per cent of the African Americans from the AASK study who also carried the high-risk variants had not progressed at the time of the study,” said co-lead author W.H. Linda Kao, PhD, MHS, professor of epidemiology and medicine at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. “This finding highlights the importance of identifying factors that may modify the effect of the APOL1 risk variants.”

Senior author Lawrence J. Appel, MD, MPH, professor of medicine, epidemiology, and international health at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, noted the importance of the APOL1 gene and its effect on kidney disease progression in blacks.

“Blacks with chronic kidney disease and the high-risk genetic variants were more likely to have kidney disease that progressed, compared to both blacks without the high-risk genotype and whites,” he said.

Appel also stated that African Americans with low-risk variants still had a higher risk of developing kidney failure than whites.

“What we found is pretty remarkable — that variations in a single gene account for much of the racial disparity in kidney disease progression and risk for end-stage kidney disease,” says co-lead author Afshin Parsa, MD, MPH, assistant professor of medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. “If it were possible to reduce the effect of this gene, there could be a very meaningful decrease in progressive kidney and end-stage kidney disease within blacks.” Michael Choi, MD, a faculty member at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, was also a co-author.

An estimated 20 million American adults have CKD, and over 400,000 depend on dialysis to treat kidney failure.

The CRIC study was established in 2001 by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases to improve the understanding of CKD and related cardiovascular diseases. The CRIC study has enrolled nearly 4,000 people with CKD, with another 1,500 expected to join the study over the next five years.

The AASK is the largest and longest study of African Americans with CKD. Study participants were initially recruited in 1995 for the AASK Clinical Trial.

 It is unclear whether consuming more vegetable protein prolongs CKD patients’ lives, however.

To investigate, a team led by Xiaorui Chen (University of Utah) studied 1,104 CKD patients in the1988-1994 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III and asked them about their animal and vegetable protein intake.

After controlling for various factors such as age, smoking, and BMI, the researchers found that for each 10 gram increase in vegetable protein intake per day, participants had a 14% lower risk of dying by the end of 2006. “Interventional trials are needed to establish whether increasing vegetable protein will decrease mortality in the CKD population,” they wrote.